How to Read Secondary Voltage Schematic on Transformer
In general terms, a circuit can be described as whatever group of electric or electronic devices connected together by conductors. Conductors are virtually often metallic, and wires were the conductor of choice in the past. Erstwhile radios and other electronic equipment were often a rat'due south nest of wires. Today, it'southward more common to find metallic pathways, ofttimes chosen traces , on a board constructed of a mixture of fiberglass and epoxy. The terms board and card are interchangeable.
A schematic in electronics is a drawing representing a excursion. It uses symbols to represent real-globe objects. The most basic symbol is a simple conductor, shown merely as a line. If wires connect in a diagram, they are shown with a dot at the intersection:
Conductors that do not connect are shown without a dot, or with a bridge formed past 1 wire over the other:
Amidst the connections are power and ground, the loftier and depression organisation voltages respectfully. The 5 volt system power in the schematic is shown only as 5V. In that location is also a +12V supply and a -12V supply. Basis, or 0 volts, has its own symbol:
A switch is a device that is capable of assuasive the user to break the circuit as if the wire had been broken. Its symbol reflects this characteristic:
The three switches in the diagram are grouped in a Dual In-line Packet (DIP).
A resistor is a device that resists the flow of charge. Its symbol reflects this characteristic by making the line jagged:
Just in example you have seen "menstruation of current" elsewhere rather than "period of charge", encounter "Scientific discipline Myths" in Thousand-6 Textbooks and Popular civilisation and the definition of current beneath.
The unit of resistance is the ohm , pronounced om with a long o. The K in the schematics stands for kilohm or thousands of ohms. 10K ways the aforementioned as 10,000. Million and sometimes M mean megohm or million ohms. 4.7Meg or 4.7M is the aforementioned equally iv,700,000.
You volition see 2 variations on resistors in the schematic. One is the resistor array or network. Information technology is a Single In-line Package (SIP) containing several resistors connected together. They tin can exist found in many configurations. The 1 used here merely connects i end of the resistors to each other and brings them out to a common connection. The other end of each resistor is left free. Another variation is the variable resistor. It has a third contact that can motility along the resistor element to permit the values at that point to exist variable. The moveable role is called the wiper and is shown as an arrow.
At that place is a relationship between voltage, current and resistance that is expressed by Ohm's Police force , which says that Voltage is equal to Electric current times Resistance, or:
V = I * R
V is voltage (often referred to as Electromotive Force where Eastward rather than V is used), I is current and R is resistance. Current is expressed in Amperes , or amps for short. Very little current is used in typical electronic circuits, so milliamps , which means 1/1000 amp, is used. One milliamp = .001 amp. It's abbreviated ma , or sometimes MA.
To paraphrase a definition of accuse from whatis.com :
"The coulomb (symbolized C) is the standard unit of measurement of electrical charge in the International System of Units (SI). It is a dimensionless quantity. A quantity of 1 C is equal to approximately 6.24 x 10 18 , or 6.24 quintillion."
"In terms of SI base of operations units, the coulomb is the equivalent of ane ampere-second. Conversely, an electric current of 1 amp represents 1 C of unit electrical charge carriers flowing past a specific bespeak in 1 2d. The unit of measurement electric accuse is the amount of charge independent in a single electron. Thus, half dozen.24 x 10 xviii electrons have 1 C of charge. This is also true of half-dozen.24 x ten 18 positrons or 6.24 x x 18 protons, although these two types of particles carry charge of reverse polarity to that of the electron."
Since we deal mostly with electrons in electronics, 1 amp represents the effect of 6,240,000,000,000,000,000 electrons flowing past a point per second. Thus, since current is already divers as something flowing, to say "current menses" would be to say "..... flowing flow" which is incorrect because it is redundant.
Now let's say we accept a 10K resistor and 2 milliamps of current. The voltage across the resistor will be:
V = 10,000 * .002 = 20 volts
Nosotros tin can apply the above equation to generate an equation for each of the three variables. Information technology requires remembering merely two things:
ane. It'southward ok to do something to one side of an equation as long as the same matter is done to the other side. The two sides will remain equal.
2. Anything divided by itself is equal to 1.
Start with the original equation:
V = I * R
Now carve up both sides by R. Since R/R = ane, the correct side at present becomes I * 1 which is simply I, giving u.s.a. V/R = I. If we switch sides and put the I on the left nosotros end up with:
I = Five/R
Again, start with the original equation:
Five = I * R
Now carve up both sides by I. Since I/I = ane, the right side now becomes R * 1 which is merely R, giving us 5/I = R. If we switch sides and put the R on the left we end up with:
R = 5/I
Thus, all iii equations are:
V = I * R
I = V/R
R = V/I
1 way to remember the three equations is to say, "The Vulture looks downwards and sees the Iguana and the Rabbit side by side (V = I * R), the Iguana sees the Vulture over the Rabbit (I = V/R) and the Rabbit sees the Vulture over the Iguana (R = V/I)."
A very common circuit is a voltage divider. It looks like the following:
Two resistors connected end-to-finish are said to be connected in series . The total resistance is but the sum of the two. In this case, information technology would be 22000 + 33 = 22033 ohms. If 1 volt is practical to the open up end of the 22K resistor, the current through the whole circuit would be
I = 5/R = 1/22033 or .00004538646576 amps, or about .05 milliamps.
The voltage across the 33 ohm resistor is then
5 = I * R = .00004538646576 * 33 = .00149775337 volts, or most one.5 millivolts (1/chiliad volt).
Resistors are also often connected in parallel , such as below:
The value of the to a higher place parallel network is:
R = 1/(1/R1 + ane/R2 + 1/R3)
The equation is good for any number of resistors.
Capacitors are devices which have metal plates separated past an insulator. They are used to temporarily store an electrical accuse. Their symbol reflects their construction:
The unit of measurement of capacitance is the Farad, just it'due south so big that the microfarad is used in practice. Microfarad ways millionths of a Farad. Information technology's oftentimes abbreviated mf, MF or some variation, although the correct abbreviation is µF. A value without a designator is assumed to be in microfarads. For example, in the schematic you will see several capacitors simply designated .1. They are actually .1µF capacitors.
Some capacitors must have their leads connected to the positive or negative side of a circuit. They are polarized capacitors. When that is the case, one side will be shown with a + sign where the positive side must be, or a - sign where the negative side must exist, or both.
Information technology's also very common to meet picofarads abbreviated pf in some schematics. A picofarad is ten-12 Farad, and is sometimes called a micromicrofarad .
A diode permits the menses of charge in just ane direction. Its symbol reflects this characteristic, simply with a slight problem:
Anode 
Cathode
The slight problem comes from the fact that flow of charge, at to the lowest degree in a wire, is from where there are a greater number of electrons to where there are fewer. Electrons are negatively charged. Thus, electrical flow of charge is from negative to positive in a wire. The trouble with the symbol is that the cathode, not the anode, is the negative side. Electrical catamenia of charge is from the cathode to the anode, against the direction of the arrow.
Integrated Circuits comprise many individual components. They, in turn, ordinarily course several functional blocks. For example, the following is a pinout for the 74LS08 Quad 2 Input AND gate, forth with its truth table. VCC is the 5 volt supply, and GND is ground. Sometimes ground is shown as VSS. The gate inputs are the As and Bs, and the outputs are the Ys. Thus, the inputs to gate 1 are 1A and 1B, and the output is 1Y. You will see variations on these conventions, but they hold true in many cases.
An Operational Amplifier also contains many individual components, but is not a digital excursion. It looks a little similar a buffer, merely has 2 inputs:
You can find a more detailed handling of operational amplifiers at Professor Douglas M. Gingrich's site at The University of Alberta. For a simplified coverage of the subject, look at the circuit below.
An Op-Amp has many of import characteristics. Ane of them is that the above circuit, called an inverting amplifier, attempts to foreclose whatever current through the inverting input. In this circuit, R1 connects to the inverting input. R2 likewise connects to the inverting input, with its other end continued to the output. R2 is called the feedback resistor. Permit's attempt to bulldoze a current through the inverting input by placing 1V on the unconnected terminate of R1 and presume that the right end has 0 volts on it. The current volition be
I = Five/R = i/1K = 1ma
The output will endeavour to counter this by driving a current of the opposite polarity through the feedback resistor into the inverting input. The required voltage to do that will be
V = -(I * R) = -(1ma * 10K) = -10V.
Thus, nosotros get a voltage to current conversion, a current to voltage conversion, a polarity inversion and, almost importantly, amplification. Distension or gain is commonly labeled Yard. In the case of the inverting amplifier,
G = -(Feedback Resistor / Input Resistor)
In this example, it'southward Thou = -(R2/R1)
Since the feedback cancels out the input, in that location is no voltage at the inverting input. Information technology is said to be at virtual footing .
Now look at the circuit beneath from the schematic you lot will meet in the hardware department.
The gain is a lilliputian over -1000 in order to provide enough amplification for the low output of a microphone. The betoken is not only amplified but inverted considering we are going into the inverting input. The inversion however, is non quite the same as information technology is in a digital device. Hither, we are talking most an audio analog signal that, in one case transformed into an electrical signal by the microphone, moves much more smoothly and continuously in the negative and positive voltage directions. Inversion here means that when the input moves in the positive management, the output moves in the negative direction. When the input goes toward negative, the output goes toward positive. C1 prevents DC voltages from even getting into the circuit. This blocking action volition be discussed in a future section.
The non-inverting side is designated by the +. It is there that a positive offset voltage is applied. If R1 were not connected to C1 just rather to ground, the non-inverting side would exhibit a gain of (R2/R1)+ane for the bias voltage. With C1 however, at that place is no DC proceeds for the non-inverting side, and AC is shorted to basis by C2. The effect is a gain of i on the non-inverting side for DC voltages. The purpose of the bias circuit will be covered in the next department.
The following is a self-test over this section. It would exist a very practiced thought to make sure yous know the answers to all of the questions since the sections that follow will build on this one.
one) _____ is a cartoon that represents a circuit.
A) Switch
B) Schematic
C) Ground
D) Diagram
two) A _____ is a device that allows the user to break the circuit.
A) Scissors
B) Schematic
C) Resistor
D) Switch
3) A _____ is a device that resists the flow of accuse.
A) Resistor
B) Buffer
C) Diode
D) Microfarad (or µF;)
4) The unit of measurement of resistance is the __1__ . The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is expressed past __2__ .
A) Buffer, Amplifier
B) Capacitors, Diode
C) Ohm, Ohm's Law
D) Circuits, Switch
five) The __1__ is the unit of measurement of current. If at that place is very little current, it is expressed every bit __2__, which means i/1000th.
A) Amperes (or Amps), Milliamps (or Ma or ma)
B) Volts, Milliavolts
C) Picofarads (or pf), Microfarads (or µF;)
D) Amplifier, Circuits
vi) _____ are devices which have metal plates separated past an insulator. They temporarily shop an electrical charge.
A) In Series
B) Cathode
C) Capacitors
D) Microfarad
vii) What permits the flow of charge in simply one direction?
A) Anode
B) Diode
C) Cathode
D) Schematic
8) _____ contain many individual components and usually class several functional blocks.
A) Schematics
B) Diodes
C) Amplifiers
D) Integrated Circuits
nine) The _____ also contains many components, but is not a digital device.
A) Inverting Amplifier
B) Operational Amplifier
C) Volt
D) Electron
10) This is __________________________________________
11) This is __________________________________________
12) This is __________________________________________
xiii) This is __________________________________________
14) This is __________________________________________
15) This is __________________________________________
xvi) This is __________________________________________
17) Ohm's Law: __________________________________________
18) I = 4, R = 10 so 5 = ________________ ________________
xix) V = 12, R = 6 so I = ________________ ________________
20) I = 75, Five = 150K Volts so R = ________________ ________________
Answers
Problems, comments, ideas? Please Allow me know what you think
Copyright © 2000, Joe D. Reeder. All Rights Reserved.
Source: https://learn-c.com/schemat.htm
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